From 03e876dae9b731523a8686ae85dc99ccbcc7c1b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ZacharyZcR <zacharyzcr1984@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 01:31:54 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Clean Chinese comments from backend codebase

Replace all Chinese comments with English equivalents while preserving:
- Technical meaning and Linus-style direct tone
- Code structure and functionality
- User-facing text in UI components

Backend files cleaned:
- All utils/ TypeScript files
- Database routes and operations
- System architecture comments
- Field encryption documentation

All backend code now uses consistent English comments.
---
 src/backend/database/database.ts      | 18 +++---
 src/backend/database/routes/users.ts  | 18 +++---
 src/backend/starter.ts                | 10 ++--
 src/backend/utils/auth-manager.ts     | 34 +++++------
 src/backend/utils/data-crypto.ts      | 26 ++++-----
 src/backend/utils/field-crypto.ts     | 20 +++----
 src/backend/utils/simple-db-ops.ts    | 58 +++++++++---------
 src/backend/utils/system-crypto.ts    | 68 +++++++++++-----------
 src/backend/utils/user-crypto.ts      | 84 +++++++++++++--------------
 src/backend/utils/user-data-export.ts | 36 ++++++------
 src/backend/utils/user-data-import.ts | 60 +++++++++----------
 11 files changed, 216 insertions(+), 216 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/database/database.ts b/src/backend/database/database.ts
index 0c62801b..9fe42563 100644
--- a/src/backend/database/database.ts
+++ b/src/backend/database/database.ts
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ app.post("/database/export", async (req, res) => {
     const userId = payload.userId;
     const { format = 'encrypted', scope = 'user_data', includeCredentials = true, password } = req.body;
 
-    // 对于明文导出，需要解锁用户数据
+    // For plaintext export, need to unlock user data
     if (format === 'plaintext') {
       if (!password) {
         return res.status(400).json({
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ app.post("/database/export", async (req, res) => {
       includeCredentials,
     });
 
-    // 生成导出文件名
+    // Generate export filename
     const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, "-");
     const filename = `termix-export-${exportData.username}-${timestamp}.json`;
 
@@ -507,10 +507,10 @@ app.post("/database/import", upload.single("file"), async (req, res) => {
       dryRun,
     });
 
-    // 读取上传的文件
+    // Read uploaded file
     const fileContent = fs.readFileSync(req.file.path, 'utf8');
 
-    // 清理上传的临时文件
+    // Clean up uploaded temporary file
     try {
       fs.unlinkSync(req.file.path);
     } catch (cleanupError) {
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ app.post("/database/import", upload.single("file"), async (req, res) => {
       });
     }
 
-    // 解析导入数据
+    // Parse import data
     let importData;
     try {
       importData = JSON.parse(fileContent);
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ app.post("/database/import", upload.single("file"), async (req, res) => {
       return res.status(400).json({ error: "Invalid JSON format in uploaded file" });
     }
 
-    // 如果导入数据是加密的，需要解锁用户数据
+    // If import data is encrypted, need to unlock user data
     if (importData.metadata?.encrypted) {
       if (!password) {
         return res.status(400).json({
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ app.post("/database/import", upload.single("file"), async (req, res) => {
       }
     }
 
-    // 执行导入
+    // Execute import
     const result = await UserDataImport.importUserData(userId, importData, {
       replaceExisting: replaceExisting === 'true' || replaceExisting === true,
       skipCredentials: skipCredentials === 'true' || skipCredentials === true,
@@ -619,9 +619,9 @@ app.post("/database/export/preview", async (req, res) => {
       includeCredentials,
     });
 
-    // 生成导出数据但不解密敏感字段
+    // Generate export data but don't decrypt sensitive fields
     const exportData = await UserDataExport.exportUserData(userId, {
-      format: 'encrypted', // 始终加密预览
+      format: 'encrypted', // Always encrypt preview
       scope,
       includeCredentials,
     });
diff --git a/src/backend/database/routes/users.ts b/src/backend/database/routes/users.ts
index db76fa20..1c3655c1 100644
--- a/src/backend/database/routes/users.ts
+++ b/src/backend/database/routes/users.ts
@@ -336,10 +336,10 @@ router.post("/oidc-config", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
         scopes: scopes || "openid email profile",
       };
 
-      // 对敏感配置进行加密存储
+      // Encrypt sensitive configuration for storage
       let encryptedConfig;
       try {
-        // 使用管理员的数据密钥加密OIDC配置
+        // Use admin's data key to encrypt OIDC configuration
         const adminDataKey = DataCrypto.getUserDataKey(userId);
         if (adminDataKey) {
           encryptedConfig = DataCrypto.encryptRecord("settings", config, userId, adminDataKey);
@@ -348,10 +348,10 @@ router.post("/oidc-config", authenticateJWT, async (req, res) => {
             userId,
           });
         } else {
-          // 如果管理员数据未解锁，只加密client_secret
+          // If admin data not unlocked, only encrypt client_secret
           encryptedConfig = {
             ...config,
-            client_secret: `encrypted:${Buffer.from(client_secret).toString('base64')}`, // 简单的base64编码
+            client_secret: `encrypted:${Buffer.from(client_secret).toString('base64')}`, // Simple base64 encoding
           };
           authLogger.warn("OIDC configuration stored with basic encoding - admin should re-save with password", {
             operation: "oidc_config_basic_encoding",
@@ -422,10 +422,10 @@ router.get("/oidc-config", async (req, res) => {
 
     let config = JSON.parse((row as any).value);
 
-    // 解密或解码client_secret用于显示
+    // Decrypt or decode client_secret for display
     if (config.client_secret) {
       if (config.client_secret.startsWith('encrypted:')) {
-        // 需要管理员权限解密
+        // Requires admin permission to decrypt
         const authHeader = req.headers["authorization"];
         if (authHeader?.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
           const token = authHeader.split(" ")[1];
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ router.get("/oidc-config", async (req, res) => {
                 if (adminDataKey) {
                   config = DataCrypto.decryptRecord("settings", config, userId, adminDataKey);
                 } else {
-                  // 管理员数据未解锁，隐藏client_secret
+                  // Admin data not unlocked, hide client_secret
                   config.client_secret = "[ENCRYPTED - PASSWORD REQUIRED]";
                 }
               } catch (decryptError) {
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ router.get("/oidc-config", async (req, res) => {
           config.client_secret = "[ENCRYPTED - AUTH REQUIRED]";
         }
       } else if (config.client_secret.startsWith('encoded:')) {
-        // base64解码
+        // base64 decode
         try {
           const decoded = Buffer.from(config.client_secret.substring(8), 'base64').toString('utf8');
           config.client_secret = decoded;
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ router.get("/oidc-config", async (req, res) => {
           config.client_secret = "[ENCODING ERROR]";
         }
       }
-      // 否则是明文，直接返回
+      // Otherwise plaintext, return directly
     }
 
     res.json(config);
diff --git a/src/backend/starter.ts b/src/backend/starter.ts
index 39c9c790..8169f923 100644
--- a/src/backend/starter.ts
+++ b/src/backend/starter.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import "dotenv/config";
       version: version,
     });
 
-    // 生产环境安全检查
+    // Production environment security checks
     if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {
       systemLogger.info("Running production environment security checks...", {
         operation: "security_checks",
@@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ import "dotenv/config";
 
       const securityIssues: string[] = [];
 
-      // 检查系统主密钥
+      // Check system master key
       if (!process.env.SYSTEM_MASTER_KEY) {
         securityIssues.push("SYSTEM_MASTER_KEY environment variable is required in production");
       } else if (process.env.SYSTEM_MASTER_KEY.length < 64) {
         securityIssues.push("SYSTEM_MASTER_KEY should be at least 64 characters in production");
       }
 
-      // 检查数据库文件加密
+      // Check database file encryption
       if (process.env.DB_FILE_ENCRYPTION === 'false') {
         securityIssues.push("Database file encryption should be enabled in production");
       }
 
-      // 检查JWT移密
+      // Check JWT secret
       if (!process.env.JWT_SECRET) {
         systemLogger.info("JWT_SECRET not set - will use encrypted storage", {
           operation: "security_checks",
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ import "dotenv/config";
         });
       }
 
-      // 检查CORS配置警告
+      // Check CORS configuration warning
       systemLogger.warn("Production deployment detected - ensure CORS is properly configured", {
         operation: "security_checks",
         warning: "Verify frontend domain whitelist"
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/auth-manager.ts b/src/backend/utils/auth-manager.ts
index d5ffafba..cbb0c995 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/auth-manager.ts
+++ b/src/backend/utils/auth-manager.ts
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ interface JWTPayload {
 }
 
 /**
- * AuthManager - 简化的认证管理器
+ * AuthManager - Simplified authentication manager
  *
- * 职责：
- * - JWT生成和验证
- * - 认证中间件
- * - 用户登录登出
+ * Responsibilities:
+ * - JWT generation and validation
+ * - Authentication middleware
+ * - User login/logout
  *
- * 不再有两层session - 直接使用UserKeyManager
+ * No more two-layer sessions - use UserKeyManager directly
  */
 class AuthManager {
   private static instance: AuthManager;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class AuthManager {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 初始化认证系统
+   * Initialize authentication system
    */
   async initialize(): Promise<void> {
     await this.systemCrypto.initializeJWTSecret();
@@ -60,21 +60,21 @@ class AuthManager {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 用户注册
+   * User registration
    */
   async registerUser(userId: string, password: string): Promise<void> {
     await this.userCrypto.setupUserEncryption(userId, password);
   }
 
   /**
-   * 用户登录 - 使用UserCrypto
+   * User login - use UserCrypto
    */
   async authenticateUser(userId: string, password: string): Promise<boolean> {
     return await this.userCrypto.authenticateUser(userId, password);
   }
 
   /**
-   * 生成JWT Token
+   * Generate JWT Token
    */
   async generateJWTToken(
     userId: string,
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class AuthManager {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 验证JWT Token
+   * Verify JWT Token
    */
   async verifyJWTToken(token: string): Promise<JWTPayload | null> {
     try {
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class AuthManager {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 认证中间件
+   * Authentication middleware
    */
   createAuthMiddleware() {
     return async (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class AuthManager {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 数据访问中间件 - 要求用户已解锁数据
+   * Data access middleware - requires user to have unlocked data
    */
   createDataAccessMiddleware() {
     return async (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
@@ -151,28 +151,28 @@ class AuthManager {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 用户登出
+   * User logout
    */
   logoutUser(userId: string): void {
     this.userCrypto.logoutUser(userId);
   }
 
   /**
-   * 获取用户数据密钥
+   * Get user data key
    */
   getUserDataKey(userId: string): Buffer | null {
     return this.userCrypto.getUserDataKey(userId);
   }
 
   /**
-   * 检查用户是否已解锁
+   * Check if user is unlocked
    */
   isUserUnlocked(userId: string): boolean {
     return this.userCrypto.isUserUnlocked(userId);
   }
 
   /**
-   * 修改用户密码
+   * Change user password
    */
   async changeUserPassword(userId: string, oldPassword: string, newPassword: string): Promise<boolean> {
     return await this.userCrypto.changeUserPassword(userId, oldPassword, newPassword);
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/data-crypto.ts b/src/backend/utils/data-crypto.ts
index 153ff47c..0ad495ef 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/data-crypto.ts
+++ b/src/backend/utils/data-crypto.ts
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ import { UserCrypto } from "./user-crypto.js";
 import { databaseLogger } from "./logger.js";
 
 /**
- * DataCrypto - 简化的数据库加密
+ * DataCrypto - Simplified database encryption
  *
- * Linus原则：
- * - 删除所有"向后兼容"垃圾
- * - 删除所有特殊情况处理
- * - 数据要么正确加密，要么操作失败
- * - 没有legacy data概念
+ * Linus principles:
+ * - Remove all "backward compatibility" garbage
+ * - Remove all special case handling
+ * - Data is either properly encrypted or operation fails
+ * - No legacy data concept
  */
 class DataCrypto {
   private static userCrypto: UserCrypto;
@@ -43,12 +43,12 @@ class DataCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 解密记录 - 要么成功，要么失败
+   * Decrypt record - either succeeds or fails
    *
-   * 删除了所有的：
-   * - isEncrypted()检查
-   * - legacy data处理
-   * - "向后兼容"逻辑
+   * Removed all:
+   * - isEncrypted() checks
+   * - legacy data handling
+   * - "backward compatibility" logic
    * - migration on access
    */
   static decryptRecord(tableName: string, record: any, userId: string, userDataKey: Buffer): any {
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ class DataCrypto {
 
     for (const [fieldName, value] of Object.entries(record)) {
       if (FieldCrypto.shouldEncryptField(tableName, fieldName) && value) {
-        // 简单规则：敏感字段必须是加密的JSON格式
-        // 如果不是，就是数据损坏，直接失败
+        // Simple rule: sensitive fields must be encrypted JSON format
+        // If not, it's data corruption, fail directly
         decryptedRecord[fieldName] = FieldCrypto.decryptField(
           value as string,
           userDataKey,
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/field-crypto.ts b/src/backend/utils/field-crypto.ts
index baa58694..f6c956d3 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/field-crypto.ts
+++ b/src/backend/utils/field-crypto.ts
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ interface EncryptedData {
 }
 
 /**
- * FieldCrypto - 简单直接的字段加密
+ * FieldCrypto - Simple direct field encryption
  *
- * Linus原则：
- * - 没有特殊情况
- * - 没有兼容性检查
- * - 数据要么加密，要么失败
- * - 不存在"legacy data"概念
+ * Linus principles:
+ * - No special cases
+ * - No compatibility checks
+ * - Data is either encrypted or fails
+ * - No "legacy data" concept
  */
 class FieldCrypto {
   private static readonly ALGORITHM = "aes-256-gcm";
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class FieldCrypto {
   private static readonly IV_LENGTH = 16;
   private static readonly SALT_LENGTH = 32;
 
-  // 需要加密的字段 - 简单的映射，没有复杂逻辑
+  // Fields requiring encryption - simple mapping, no complex logic
   private static readonly ENCRYPTED_FIELDS = {
     users: new Set(["password_hash", "client_secret", "totp_secret", "totp_backup_codes", "oidc_identifier"]),
     ssh_data: new Set(["password", "key", "keyPassword"]),
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class FieldCrypto {
   };
 
   /**
-   * 加密字段 - 没有特殊情况
+   * Encrypt field - no special cases
    */
   static encryptField(plaintext: string, masterKey: Buffer, recordId: string, fieldName: string): string {
     if (!plaintext) return "";
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class FieldCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 解密字段 - 要么成功，要么失败，没有第三种情况
+   * Decrypt field - either succeeds or fails, no third option
    */
   static decryptField(encryptedValue: string, masterKey: Buffer, recordId: string, fieldName: string): string {
     if (!encryptedValue) return "";
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class FieldCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 检查字段是否需要加密 - 简单查表，没有复杂逻辑
+   * Check if field needs encryption - simple table lookup, no complex logic
    */
   static shouldEncryptField(tableName: string, fieldName: string): boolean {
     const fields = this.ENCRYPTED_FIELDS[tableName as keyof typeof this.ENCRYPTED_FIELDS];
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/simple-db-ops.ts b/src/backend/utils/simple-db-ops.ts
index 3c8a9561..91f784ff 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/simple-db-ops.ts
+++ b/src/backend/utils/simple-db-ops.ts
@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ import type { SQLiteTable } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core";
 type TableName = "users" | "ssh_data" | "ssh_credentials";
 
 /**
- * SimpleDBOps - 简化的加密数据库操作
+ * SimpleDBOps - Simplified encrypted database operations
  *
- * Linus式简化：
- * - 删除所有复杂的抽象层
- * - 直接的CRUD操作
- * - 自动加密/解密
- * - 没有特殊情况处理
+ * Linus-style simplification:
+ * - Remove all complex abstraction layers
+ * - Direct CRUD operations
+ * - Automatic encryption/decryption
+ * - No special case handling
  */
 class SimpleDBOps {
   /**
-   * 插入加密记录
+   * Insert encrypted record
    */
   static async insert<T extends Record<string, any>>(
     table: SQLiteTable<any>,
@@ -24,18 +24,18 @@ class SimpleDBOps {
     data: T,
     userId: string,
   ): Promise<T> {
-    // 验证用户访问权限
+    // Verify user access permissions
     if (!DataCrypto.canUserAccessData(userId)) {
       throw new Error(`User ${userId} data not unlocked`);
     }
 
-    // 加密数据
+    // Encrypt data
     const encryptedData = DataCrypto.encryptRecordForUser(tableName, data, userId);
 
-    // 插入数据库
+    // Insert into database
     const result = await db.insert(table).values(encryptedData).returning();
 
-    // 解密返回结果
+    // Decrypt return result
     const decryptedResult = DataCrypto.decryptRecordForUser(
       tableName,
       result[0],
@@ -53,22 +53,22 @@ class SimpleDBOps {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 查询多条记录
+   * Query multiple records
    */
   static async select<T extends Record<string, any>>(
     query: any,
     tableName: TableName,
     userId: string,
   ): Promise<T[]> {
-    // 验证用户访问权限
+    // Verify user access permissions
     if (!DataCrypto.canUserAccessData(userId)) {
       throw new Error(`User ${userId} data not unlocked`);
     }
 
-    // 执行查询
+    // Execute query
     const results = await query;
 
-    // 解密结果
+    // Decrypt results
     const decryptedResults = DataCrypto.decryptRecordsForUser(
       tableName,
       results,
@@ -86,23 +86,23 @@ class SimpleDBOps {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 查询单条记录
+   * Query single record
    */
   static async selectOne<T extends Record<string, any>>(
     query: any,
     tableName: TableName,
     userId: string,
   ): Promise<T | undefined> {
-    // 验证用户访问权限
+    // Verify user access permissions
     if (!DataCrypto.canUserAccessData(userId)) {
       throw new Error(`User ${userId} data not unlocked`);
     }
 
-    // 执行查询
+    // Execute query
     const result = await query;
     if (!result) return undefined;
 
-    // 解密结果
+    // Decrypt results
     const decryptedResult = DataCrypto.decryptRecordForUser(
       tableName,
       result,
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class SimpleDBOps {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 更新记录
+   * Update record
    */
   static async update<T extends Record<string, any>>(
     table: SQLiteTable<any>,
@@ -129,22 +129,22 @@ class SimpleDBOps {
     data: Partial<T>,
     userId: string,
   ): Promise<T[]> {
-    // 验证用户访问权限
+    // Verify user access permissions
     if (!DataCrypto.canUserAccessData(userId)) {
       throw new Error(`User ${userId} data not unlocked`);
     }
 
-    // 加密更新数据
+    // Encrypt update data
     const encryptedData = DataCrypto.encryptRecordForUser(tableName, data, userId);
 
-    // 执行更新
+    // Execute update
     const result = await db
       .update(table)
       .set(encryptedData)
       .where(where)
       .returning();
 
-    // 解密返回数据
+    // Decrypt return data
     const decryptedResults = DataCrypto.decryptRecordsForUser(
       tableName,
       result,
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class SimpleDBOps {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 删除记录
+   * Delete record
    */
   static async delete(
     table: SQLiteTable<any>,
@@ -183,18 +183,18 @@ class SimpleDBOps {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 健康检查
+   * Health check
    */
   static async healthCheck(userId: string): Promise<boolean> {
     return DataCrypto.canUserAccessData(userId);
   }
 
   /**
-   * 特殊方法：返回加密数据（用于自动启动等场景）
-   * 不解密，直接返回加密状态的数据
+   * Special method: return encrypted data (for auto-start scenarios)
+   * No decryption, return data in encrypted state directly
    */
   static async selectEncrypted(query: any, tableName: TableName): Promise<any[]> {
-    // 直接执行查询，不进行解密
+    // Execute query directly, no decryption
     const results = await query;
 
     databaseLogger.debug(`Selected ${results.length} encrypted records from ${tableName}`, {
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/system-crypto.ts b/src/backend/utils/system-crypto.ts
index 41b00988..54ed6720 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/system-crypto.ts
+++ b/src/backend/utils/system-crypto.ts
@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@ import { eq } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { databaseLogger } from "./logger.js";
 
 /**
- * SystemCrypto - 开源友好的JWT密钥管理
+ * SystemCrypto - Open source friendly JWT key management
  *
- * Linus原则：
- * - 删除复杂的"系统主密钥"层 - 不解决真实威胁
- * - 删除硬编码默认密钥 - 开源软件的安全灾难
- * - 首次启动自动生成 - 每个实例独立安全
- * - 简单直接，专注真正的安全边界
+ * Linus principles:
+ * - Remove complex "system master key" layer - doesn't solve real threats
+ * - Remove hardcoded default keys - security disaster for open source software
+ * - Auto-generate on first startup - each instance independently secure
+ * - Simple and direct, focus on real security boundaries
  */
 class SystemCrypto {
   private static instance: SystemCrypto;
   private jwtSecret: string | null = null;
 
-  // 存储路径配置
+  // Storage path configuration
   private static readonly JWT_SECRET_FILE = path.join(process.cwd(), '.termix', 'jwt.key');
   private static readonly JWT_SECRET_DB_KEY = 'system_jwt_secret';
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 初始化JWT密钥 - 开源友好的方式
+   * Initialize JWT secret - open source friendly way
    */
   async initializeJWTSecret(): Promise<void> {
     try {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
         operation: "jwt_init",
       });
 
-      // 1. 环境变量优先（生产环境最佳实践）
+      // 1. Environment variable priority (production best practice)
       const envSecret = process.env.JWT_SECRET;
       if (envSecret && envSecret.length >= 64) {
         this.jwtSecret = envSecret;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
         return;
       }
 
-      // 2. 检查文件系统存储
+      // 2. Check filesystem storage
       const fileSecret = await this.loadSecretFromFile();
       if (fileSecret) {
         this.jwtSecret = fileSecret;
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
         return;
       }
 
-      // 3. 检查数据库存储
+      // 3. Check database storage
       const dbSecret = await this.loadSecretFromDB();
       if (dbSecret) {
         this.jwtSecret = dbSecret;
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
         return;
       }
 
-      // 4. 生成新密钥并持久化
+      // 4. Generate new key and persist
       await this.generateAndStoreSecret();
 
     } catch (error) {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 获取JWT密钥
+   * Get JWT secret
    */
   async getJWTSecret(): Promise<string> {
     if (!this.jwtSecret) {
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 生成新密钥并持久化存储
+   * Generate new key and persist storage
    */
   private async generateAndStoreSecret(): Promise<void> {
     const newSecret = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex');
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
       instanceId
     });
 
-    // 尝试文件存储（优先，因为更快且不依赖数据库）
+    // Try file storage (priority, faster and doesn't depend on database)
     try {
       await this.saveSecretToFile(newSecret);
       databaseLogger.info("✅ JWT secret saved to file", {
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
         error: fileError instanceof Error ? fileError.message : "Unknown error"
       });
 
-      // 文件存储失败，使用数据库
+      // File storage failed, use database
       await this.saveSecretToDB(newSecret, instanceId);
       databaseLogger.info("✅ JWT secret saved to database", {
         operation: "jwt_db_saved"
@@ -136,21 +136,21 @@ class SystemCrypto {
     });
   }
 
-  // ===== 文件存储方法 =====
+  // ===== File storage methods =====
 
   /**
-   * 保存密钥到文件
+   * Save key to file
    */
   private async saveSecretToFile(secret: string): Promise<void> {
     const dir = path.dirname(SystemCrypto.JWT_SECRET_FILE);
     await fs.mkdir(dir, { recursive: true });
     await fs.writeFile(SystemCrypto.JWT_SECRET_FILE, secret, {
-      mode: 0o600 // 只有owner可读写
+      mode: 0o600 // Only owner can read/write
     });
   }
 
   /**
-   * 从文件加载密钥
+   * Load key from file
    */
   private async loadSecretFromFile(): Promise<string | null> {
     try {
@@ -163,15 +163,15 @@ class SystemCrypto {
         length: secret.length
       });
     } catch (error) {
-      // 文件不存在或无法读取，这是正常的
+      // File doesn't exist or can't be read, this is normal
     }
     return null;
   }
 
-  // ===== 数据库存储方法 =====
+  // ===== Database storage methods =====
 
   /**
-   * 保存密钥到数据库（明文存储，不假装加密有用）
+   * Save key to database (plaintext storage, don't pretend encryption helps)
    */
   private async saveSecretToDB(secret: string, instanceId: string): Promise<void> {
     const secretData = {
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 从数据库加载密钥
+   * Load key from database
    */
   private async loadSecretFromDB(): Promise<string | null> {
     try {
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
 
       const secretData = JSON.parse(result[0].value);
 
-      // 检查密钥有效性
+      // Check key validity
       if (!secretData.secret || secretData.secret.length < 64) {
         databaseLogger.warn("Invalid JWT secret in database", {
           operation: "jwt_db_invalid",
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 重新生成JWT密钥（管理功能）
+   * Regenerate JWT secret (admin function)
    */
   async regenerateJWTSecret(): Promise<string> {
     databaseLogger.warn("🔄 Regenerating JWT secret - ALL TOKENS WILL BE INVALIDATED", {
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 验证JWT密钥系统
+   * Validate JWT secret system
    */
   async validateJWTSecret(): Promise<boolean> {
     try {
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class SystemCrypto {
         return false;
       }
 
-      // 测试JWT操作
+      // Test JWT operations
       const jwt = await import("jsonwebtoken");
       const testPayload = { test: true, timestamp: Date.now() };
       const token = jwt.default.sign(testPayload, secret, { expiresIn: "1s" });
@@ -281,22 +281,22 @@ class SystemCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 获取JWT密钥状态（简化版本）
+   * Get JWT key status (simplified version)
    */
   async getSystemKeyStatus() {
     const isValid = await this.validateJWTSecret();
     const hasSecret = this.jwtSecret !== null;
 
-    // 检查文件存储
+    // Check file storage
     let hasFileStorage = false;
     try {
       await fs.access(SystemCrypto.JWT_SECRET_FILE);
       hasFileStorage = true;
     } catch {
-      // 文件不存在
+      // File doesn't exist
     }
 
-    // 检查数据库存储
+    // Check database storage
     let hasDBStorage = false;
     let dbInfo = null;
     try {
@@ -315,10 +315,10 @@ class SystemCrypto {
         };
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      // 数据库读取失败
+      // Database read failed
     }
 
-    // 检查环境变量
+    // Check environment variable
     const hasEnvVar = !!(process.env.JWT_SECRET && process.env.JWT_SECRET.length >= 64);
 
     return {
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/user-crypto.ts b/src/backend/utils/user-crypto.ts
index 8a193e14..237eba9a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/user-crypto.ts
+++ b/src/backend/utils/user-crypto.ts
@@ -20,36 +20,36 @@ interface EncryptedDEK {
 }
 
 interface UserSession {
-  dataKey: Buffer;        // 直接存储DEK，删除just-in-time幻想
+  dataKey: Buffer;        // Store DEK directly, delete just-in-time fantasy
   lastActivity: number;
   expiresAt: number;
 }
 
 /**
- * UserCrypto - 简单直接的用户加密
+ * UserCrypto - Simple direct user encryption
  *
- * Linus原则：
- * - 删除just-in-time幻想，直接缓存DEK
- * - 合理的2小时超时，不是5分钟的用户体验灾难
- * - 简单可工作的实现，不是理论上完美的垃圾
- * - 服务器重启后session失效（这是合理的）
+ * Linus principles:
+ * - Delete just-in-time fantasy, cache DEK directly
+ * - Reasonable 2-hour timeout, not 5-minute user experience disaster
+ * - Simple working implementation, not theoretically perfect garbage
+ * - Server restart invalidates sessions (this is reasonable)
  */
 class UserCrypto {
   private static instance: UserCrypto;
   private userSessions: Map<string, UserSession> = new Map();
 
-  // 配置常量 - 合理的超时设置
+  // Configuration constants - reasonable timeout settings
   private static readonly PBKDF2_ITERATIONS = 100000;
   private static readonly KEK_LENGTH = 32;
   private static readonly DEK_LENGTH = 32;
-  private static readonly SESSION_DURATION = 2 * 60 * 60 * 1000; // 2小时，合理的用户体验
-  private static readonly MAX_INACTIVITY = 30 * 60 * 1000;       // 30分钟，不是1分钟的灾难
+  private static readonly SESSION_DURATION = 2 * 60 * 60 * 1000; // 2 hours, reasonable user experience
+  private static readonly MAX_INACTIVITY = 30 * 60 * 1000;       // 30 minutes, not 1-minute disaster
 
   private constructor() {
-    // 合理的清理间隔
+    // Reasonable cleanup interval
     setInterval(() => {
       this.cleanupExpiredSessions();
-    }, 5 * 60 * 1000); // 每5分钟清理一次，不是30秒
+    }, 5 * 60 * 1000); // Clean every 5 minutes, not 30 seconds
   }
 
   static getInstance(): UserCrypto {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class UserCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 用户注册：生成KEK salt和DEK
+   * User registration: generate KEK salt and DEK
    */
   async setupUserEncryption(userId: string, password: string): Promise<void> {
     const kekSalt = await this.generateKEKSalt();
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class UserCrypto {
     const encryptedDEK = this.encryptDEK(DEK, KEK);
     await this.storeEncryptedDEK(userId, encryptedDEK);
 
-    // 立即清理临时密钥
+    // Immediately clean temporary keys
     KEK.fill(0);
     DEK.fill(0);
 
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ class UserCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 用户认证：验证密码并缓存DEK
-   * 删除了just-in-time幻想，直接工作
+   * User authentication: validate password and cache DEK
+   * Deleted just-in-time fantasy, works directly
    */
   async authenticateUser(userId: string, password: string): Promise<boolean> {
     try {
-      // 验证密码并解密DEK
+      // Validate password and decrypt DEK
       const kekSalt = await this.getKEKSalt(userId);
       if (!kekSalt) return false;
 
@@ -99,24 +99,24 @@ class UserCrypto {
       }
 
       const DEK = this.decryptDEK(encryptedDEK, KEK);
-      KEK.fill(0); // 立即清理KEK
+      KEK.fill(0); // Immediately clean KEK
 
-      // 创建用户会话，直接缓存DEK
+      // Create user session, cache DEK directly
       const now = Date.now();
 
-      // 清理旧会话
+      // Clean old session
       const oldSession = this.userSessions.get(userId);
       if (oldSession) {
         oldSession.dataKey.fill(0);
       }
 
       this.userSessions.set(userId, {
-        dataKey: Buffer.from(DEK), // 复制DEK
+        dataKey: Buffer.from(DEK), // Copy DEK
         lastActivity: now,
         expiresAt: now + UserCrypto.SESSION_DURATION,
       });
 
-      DEK.fill(0); // 清理临时DEK
+      DEK.fill(0); // Clean temporary DEK
 
       databaseLogger.success("User authenticated and DEK cached", {
         operation: "user_crypto_auth",
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ class UserCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 获取用户数据密钥 - 简单直接从缓存返回
-   * 删除了just-in-time推导垃圾
+   * Get user data key - simple direct return from cache
+   * Deleted just-in-time derivation garbage
    */
   getUserDataKey(userId: string): Buffer | null {
     const session = this.userSessions.get(userId);
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class UserCrypto {
 
     const now = Date.now();
 
-    // 检查会话是否过期
+    // Check if session has expired
     if (now > session.expiresAt) {
       this.userSessions.delete(userId);
       session.dataKey.fill(0);
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class UserCrypto {
       return null;
     }
 
-    // 检查是否超过最大不活跃时间
+    // Check if max inactivity time exceeded
     if (now - session.lastActivity > UserCrypto.MAX_INACTIVITY) {
       this.userSessions.delete(userId);
       session.dataKey.fill(0);
@@ -169,19 +169,19 @@ class UserCrypto {
       return null;
     }
 
-    // 更新最后活动时间
+    // Update last activity time
     session.lastActivity = now;
     return session.dataKey;
   }
 
 
   /**
-   * 用户登出：清理会话
+   * User logout: clear session
    */
   logoutUser(userId: string): void {
     const session = this.userSessions.get(userId);
     if (session) {
-      session.dataKey.fill(0); // 安全清理密钥
+      session.dataKey.fill(0); // Securely clear key
       this.userSessions.delete(userId);
     }
     databaseLogger.info("User logged out", {
@@ -191,22 +191,22 @@ class UserCrypto {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 检查用户是否已解锁
+   * Check if user is unlocked
    */
   isUserUnlocked(userId: string): boolean {
     return this.getUserDataKey(userId) !== null;
   }
 
   /**
-   * 修改用户密码
+   * Change user password
    */
   async changeUserPassword(userId: string, oldPassword: string, newPassword: string): Promise<boolean> {
     try {
-      // 验证旧密码
+      // Validate old password
       const isValid = await this.validatePassword(userId, oldPassword);
       if (!isValid) return false;
 
-      // 获取当前DEK
+      // Get current DEK
       const kekSalt = await this.getKEKSalt(userId);
       if (!kekSalt) return false;
 
@@ -216,21 +216,21 @@ class UserCrypto {
 
       const DEK = this.decryptDEK(encryptedDEK, oldKEK);
 
-      // 生成新的KEK salt和加密DEK
+      // Generate new KEK salt and encrypt DEK
       const newKekSalt = await this.generateKEKSalt();
       const newKEK = this.deriveKEK(newPassword, newKekSalt);
       const newEncryptedDEK = this.encryptDEK(DEK, newKEK);
 
-      // 存储新的salt和encrypted DEK
+      // Store new salt and encrypted DEK
       await this.storeKEKSalt(userId, newKekSalt);
       await this.storeEncryptedDEK(userId, newEncryptedDEK);
 
-      // 清理所有临时密钥
+      // Clean all temporary keys
       oldKEK.fill(0);
       newKEK.fill(0);
       DEK.fill(0);
 
-      // 清理用户会话，要求重新登录
+      // Clean user session, require re-login
       this.logoutUser(userId);
 
       return true;
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class UserCrypto {
     }
   }
 
-  // ===== 私有方法 =====
+  // ===== Private methods =====
 
   private async validatePassword(userId: string, password: string): Promise<boolean> {
     try {
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class UserCrypto {
 
       const DEK = this.decryptDEK(encryptedDEK, KEK);
 
-      // 清理临时密钥
+      // Clean temporary keys
       KEK.fill(0);
       DEK.fill(0);
 
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ class UserCrypto {
 
     for (const [userId, session] of this.userSessions.entries()) {
       if (now > session.expiresAt || now - session.lastActivity > UserCrypto.MAX_INACTIVITY) {
-        session.dataKey.fill(0); // 安全清理密钥
+        session.dataKey.fill(0); // Securely clear key
         expiredUsers.push(userId);
       }
     }
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ class UserCrypto {
     }
   }
 
-  // ===== 数据库操作和加密方法（简化版本） =====
+  // ===== Database operations and encryption methods (simplified version) =====
 
   private async generateKEKSalt(): Promise<KEKSalt> {
     return {
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ class UserCrypto {
     return decrypted;
   }
 
-  // 数据库操作方法
+  // Database operation methods
   private async storeKEKSalt(userId: string, kekSalt: KEKSalt): Promise<void> {
     const key = `user_kek_salt_${userId}`;
     const value = JSON.stringify(kekSalt);
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/user-data-export.ts b/src/backend/utils/user-data-export.ts
index 8edba1c7..2f7fffc0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/user-data-export.ts
+++ b/src/backend/utils/user-data-export.ts
@@ -28,19 +28,19 @@ interface UserExportData {
 }
 
 /**
- * UserDataExport - 用户级数据导入导出
+ * UserDataExport - User-level data import/export
  *
- * Linus原则：
- * - 用户拥有自己的数据，应该能自由导出
- * - 简单直接，没有复杂的权限检查
- * - 支持加密和明文两种格式
- * - 不破坏现有系统架构
+ * Linus principles:
+ * - Users own their data and should be able to export freely
+ * - Simple and direct, no complex permission checks
+ * - Support both encrypted and plaintext formats
+ * - Don't break existing system architecture
  */
 class UserDataExport {
   private static readonly EXPORT_VERSION = "v2.0";
 
   /**
-   * 导出用户数据
+   * Export user data
    */
   static async exportUserData(
     userId: string,
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class UserDataExport {
         includeCredentials,
       });
 
-      // 验证用户存在
+      // Verify user exists
       const user = await db.select().from(users).where(eq(users.id, userId));
       if (!user || user.length === 0) {
         throw new Error(`User not found: ${userId}`);
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class UserDataExport {
 
       const userRecord = user[0];
 
-      // 获取用户数据密钥（如果需要解密）
+      // Get user data key (if decryption needed)
       let userDataKey: Buffer | null = null;
       if (format === 'plaintext') {
         userDataKey = DataCrypto.getUserDataKey(userId);
@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ class UserDataExport {
         }
       }
 
-      // 导出SSH主机配置
+      // Export SSH host configurations
       const sshHosts = await db.select().from(sshData).where(eq(sshData.userId, userId));
       const processedSshHosts = format === 'plaintext' && userDataKey
         ? sshHosts.map(host => DataCrypto.decryptRecord("ssh_data", host, userId, userDataKey!))
         : sshHosts;
 
-      // 导出SSH凭据（如果包含）
+      // Export SSH credentials (if included)
       let sshCredentialsData: any[] = [];
       if (includeCredentials) {
         const credentials = await db.select().from(sshCredentials).where(eq(sshCredentials.userId, userId));
@@ -93,17 +93,17 @@ class UserDataExport {
           : credentials;
       }
 
-      // 导出文件管理器数据
+      // Export file manager data
       const [recentFiles, pinnedFiles, shortcuts] = await Promise.all([
         db.select().from(fileManagerRecent).where(eq(fileManagerRecent.userId, userId)),
         db.select().from(fileManagerPinned).where(eq(fileManagerPinned.userId, userId)),
         db.select().from(fileManagerShortcuts).where(eq(fileManagerShortcuts.userId, userId)),
       ]);
 
-      // 导出已忽略的警告
+      // Export dismissed alerts
       const alerts = await db.select().from(dismissedAlerts).where(eq(dismissedAlerts.userId, userId));
 
-      // 构建导出数据
+      // Build export data
       const exportData: UserExportData = {
         version: this.EXPORT_VERSION,
         exportedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class UserDataExport {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 导出为JSON字符串
+   * Export as JSON string
    */
   static async exportUserDataToJSON(
     userId: string,
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class UserDataExport {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 验证导出数据格式
+   * Validate export data format
    */
   static validateExportData(data: any): { valid: boolean; errors: string[] } {
     const errors: string[] = [];
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class UserDataExport {
       errors.push("Missing or invalid metadata field");
     }
 
-    // 检查必需的数据字段
+    // Check required data fields
     if (data.userData) {
       const requiredFields = ['sshHosts', 'sshCredentials', 'fileManagerData', 'dismissedAlerts'];
       for (const field of requiredFields) {
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class UserDataExport {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 获取导出数据统计信息
+   * Get export data statistics
    */
   static getExportStats(data: UserExportData): {
     version: string;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/user-data-import.ts b/src/backend/utils/user-data-import.ts
index 1ae6c74e..ba66e911 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/user-data-import.ts
+++ b/src/backend/utils/user-data-import.ts
@@ -27,18 +27,18 @@ interface ImportResult {
 }
 
 /**
- * UserDataImport - 用户数据导入
+ * UserDataImport - User data import
  *
- * Linus原则：
- * - 导入不应该破坏现有数据（除非明确要求）
- * - 支持dry-run模式验证
- * - 处理ID冲突的简单策略：重新生成
- * - 错误处理要明确，不能静默失败
+ * Linus principles:
+ * - Import should not break existing data (unless explicitly requested)
+ * - Support dry-run mode for validation
+ * - Simple strategy for ID conflicts: regenerate
+ * - Error handling must be explicit, no silent failures
  */
 class UserDataImport {
 
   /**
-   * 导入用户数据
+   * Import user data
    */
   static async importUserData(
     targetUserId: string,
@@ -64,19 +64,19 @@ class UserDataImport {
         skipFileManagerData,
       });
 
-      // 验证目标用户存在
+      // Verify target user exists
       const targetUser = await db.select().from(users).where(eq(users.id, targetUserId));
       if (!targetUser || targetUser.length === 0) {
         throw new Error(`Target user not found: ${targetUserId}`);
       }
 
-      // 验证导出数据格式
+      // Validate export data format
       const validation = UserDataExport.validateExportData(exportData);
       if (!validation.valid) {
         throw new Error(`Invalid export data: ${validation.errors.join(', ')}`);
       }
 
-      // 验证用户数据已解锁（如果数据是加密的）
+      // Verify user data is unlocked (if data is encrypted)
       let userDataKey: Buffer | null = null;
       if (exportData.metadata.encrypted) {
         userDataKey = DataCrypto.getUserDataKey(targetUserId);
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
         dryRun,
       };
 
-      // 导入SSH主机配置
+      // Import SSH host configurations
       if (exportData.userData.sshHosts && exportData.userData.sshHosts.length > 0) {
         const importStats = await this.importSshHosts(
           targetUserId,
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
         result.summary.errors.push(...importStats.errors);
       }
 
-      // 导入SSH凭据
+      // Import SSH credentials
       if (!skipCredentials && exportData.userData.sshCredentials && exportData.userData.sshCredentials.length > 0) {
         const importStats = await this.importSshCredentials(
           targetUserId,
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
         result.summary.errors.push(...importStats.errors);
       }
 
-      // 导入文件管理器数据
+      // Import file manager data
       if (!skipFileManagerData && exportData.userData.fileManagerData) {
         const importStats = await this.importFileManagerData(
           targetUserId,
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
         result.summary.errors.push(...importStats.errors);
       }
 
-      // 导入忽略的警告
+      // Import dismissed alerts
       if (exportData.userData.dismissedAlerts && exportData.userData.dismissedAlerts.length > 0) {
         const importStats = await this.importDismissedAlerts(
           targetUserId,
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 导入SSH主机配置
+   * Import SSH host configurations
    */
   private static async importSshHosts(
     targetUserId: string,
@@ -185,16 +185,16 @@ class UserDataImport {
           continue;
         }
 
-        // 重新生成ID避免冲突
+        // Regenerate ID to avoid conflicts
         const newHostData = {
           ...host,
-          id: undefined, // 让数据库自动生成
+          id: undefined, // Let database auto-generate
           userId: targetUserId,
           createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
           updatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
         };
 
-        // 如果数据需要重新加密
+        // If data needs re-encryption
         let processedHostData = newHostData;
         if (options.userDataKey) {
           processedHostData = DataCrypto.encryptRecord("ssh_data", newHostData, targetUserId, options.userDataKey);
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 导入SSH凭据
+   * Import SSH credentials
    */
   private static async importSshCredentials(
     targetUserId: string,
@@ -230,18 +230,18 @@ class UserDataImport {
           continue;
         }
 
-        // 重新生成ID避免冲突
+        // Regenerate ID to avoid conflicts
         const newCredentialData = {
           ...credential,
-          id: undefined, // 让数据库自动生成
+          id: undefined, // Let database auto-generate
           userId: targetUserId,
-          usageCount: 0, // 重置使用计数
+          usageCount: 0, // Reset usage count
           lastUsed: null,
           createdAt: new Date().toISOString(),
           updatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
         };
 
-        // 如果数据需要重新加密
+        // If data needs re-encryption
         let processedCredentialData = newCredentialData;
         if (options.userDataKey) {
           processedCredentialData = DataCrypto.encryptRecord("ssh_credentials", newCredentialData, targetUserId, options.userDataKey);
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 导入文件管理器数据
+   * Import file manager data
    */
   private static async importFileManagerData(
     targetUserId: string,
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
     const errors: string[] = [];
 
     try {
-      // 导入最近文件
+      // Import recent files
       if (fileManagerData.recent && Array.isArray(fileManagerData.recent)) {
         for (const item of fileManagerData.recent) {
           try {
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
         }
       }
 
-      // 导入固定文件
+      // Import pinned files
       if (fileManagerData.pinned && Array.isArray(fileManagerData.pinned)) {
         for (const item of fileManagerData.pinned) {
           try {
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
         }
       }
 
-      // 导入快捷方式
+      // Import shortcuts
       if (fileManagerData.shortcuts && Array.isArray(fileManagerData.shortcuts)) {
         for (const item of fileManagerData.shortcuts) {
           try {
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 导入忽略的警告
+   * Import dismissed alerts
    */
   private static async importDismissedAlerts(
     targetUserId: string,
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
           continue;
         }
 
-        // 检查是否已存在相同的警告
+        // Check if alert already exists
         const existing = await db
           .select()
           .from(dismissedAlerts)
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ class UserDataImport {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 从JSON字符串导入
+   * Import from JSON string
    */
   static async importUserDataFromJSON(
     targetUserId: string,