src/backend/database/database.ts

@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ app.post("/database/backup", async (req, res) => {
     const backupPath = path.join(backupDir, backupFileName);
 
     // Create encrypted backup directly from memory buffer
-    DatabaseFileEncryption.encryptDatabaseFromBuffer(dbBuffer, backupPath);
+    await DatabaseFileEncryption.encryptDatabaseFromBuffer(dbBuffer, backupPath);
 
     res.json({
       success: true,
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ app.post("/database/restore", async (req, res) => {
 
     // Hardware compatibility check removed - no longer required
 
-    const restoredPath = DatabaseFileEncryption.restoreFromEncryptedBackup(
+    const restoredPath = await DatabaseFileEncryption.restoreFromEncryptedBackup(
       backupPath,
       targetPath,
     );

src/backend/database/db/index.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import fs from "fs";
 import path from "path";
 import { databaseLogger } from "../../utils/logger.js";
 import { DatabaseFileEncryption } from "../../utils/database-file-encryption.js";
+import { SystemCrypto } from "../../utils/system-crypto.js";
 
 const dataDir = process.env.DATA_DIR || "./db/data";
 const dbDir = path.resolve(dataDir);
@@ -25,105 +26,116 @@ const encryptedDbPath = `${dbPath}.encrypted`;
 let actualDbPath = ":memory:"; // Always use memory database
 let memoryDatabase: Database.Database;
 let isNewDatabase = false;
+let sqlite: Database.Database; // Module-level sqlite instance
 
-if (enableFileEncryption) {
-  try {
-    // Check if encrypted database exists
-    if (DatabaseFileEncryption.isEncryptedDatabaseFile(encryptedDbPath)) {
-      databaseLogger.info(
-        "Found encrypted database file, loading into memory...",
-        {
-          operation: "db_memory_load",
-          encryptedPath: encryptedDbPath,
-        },
-      );
+// Async initialization function to handle SystemCrypto and DatabaseFileEncryption
+async function initializeDatabaseAsync(): Promise<void> {
+  // Initialize SystemCrypto database key first
+  const systemCrypto = SystemCrypto.getInstance();
+  await systemCrypto.initializeDatabaseKey();
 
-      // Hardware compatibility check removed - using fixed seed encryption
+  if (enableFileEncryption) {
+    try {
+      // Check if encrypted database exists
+      if (DatabaseFileEncryption.isEncryptedDatabaseFile(encryptedDbPath)) {
+        databaseLogger.info(
+          "Found encrypted database file, loading into memory...",
+          {
+            operation: "db_memory_load",
+            encryptedPath: encryptedDbPath,
+          },
+        );
 
-      // Decrypt database content to memory buffer
-      const decryptedBuffer =
-        DatabaseFileEncryption.decryptDatabaseToBuffer(encryptedDbPath);
+        // Decrypt database content to memory buffer (now async)
+        const decryptedBuffer =
+          await DatabaseFileEncryption.decryptDatabaseToBuffer(encryptedDbPath);
 
-      // Create in-memory database from decrypted buffer
-      memoryDatabase = new Database(decryptedBuffer);
-    } else {
-      memoryDatabase = new Database(":memory:");
-      isNewDatabase = true;
+        // Create in-memory database from decrypted buffer
+        memoryDatabase = new Database(decryptedBuffer);
+      } else {
+        memoryDatabase = new Database(":memory:");
+        isNewDatabase = true;
 
-      // Check if there's an old unencrypted database to migrate
-      if (fs.existsSync(dbPath)) {
-        // Load old database and copy its content to memory database
-        const oldDb = new Database(dbPath, { readonly: true });
+        // Check if there's an old unencrypted database to migrate
+        if (fs.existsSync(dbPath)) {
+          // Load old database and copy its content to memory database
+          const oldDb = new Database(dbPath, { readonly: true });
 
-        // Get all table schemas and data from old database
-        const tables = oldDb
-          .prepare(
-            `
-          SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master
-          WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'
-        `,
-          )
-          .all() as { name: string; sql: string }[];
+          // Get all table schemas and data from old database
+          const tables = oldDb
+            .prepare(
+              `
+            SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master
+            WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'
+          `,
+            )
+            .all() as { name: string; sql: string }[];
 
-        // Create tables in memory database
-        for (const table of tables) {
-          memoryDatabase.exec(table.sql);
-        }
+          // Create tables in memory database
+          for (const table of tables) {
+            memoryDatabase.exec(table.sql);
+          }
 
-        // Copy data for each table
-        for (const table of tables) {
-          const rows = oldDb.prepare(`SELECT * FROM ${table.name}`).all();
-          if (rows.length > 0) {
-            const columns = Object.keys(rows[0]);
-            const placeholders = columns.map(() => "?").join(", ");
-            const insertStmt = memoryDatabase.prepare(
-              `INSERT INTO ${table.name} (${columns.join(", ")}) VALUES (${placeholders})`,
-            );
+          // Copy data for each table
+          for (const table of tables) {
+            const rows = oldDb.prepare(`SELECT * FROM ${table.name}`).all();
+            if (rows.length > 0) {
+              const columns = Object.keys(rows[0]);
+              const placeholders = columns.map(() => "?").join(", ");
+              const insertStmt = memoryDatabase.prepare(
+                `INSERT INTO ${table.name} (${columns.join(", ")}) VALUES (${placeholders})`,
+              );
 
-            for (const row of rows) {
-              const values = columns.map((col) => (row as any)[col]);
-              insertStmt.run(values);
+              for (const row of rows) {
+                const values = columns.map((col) => (row as any)[col]);
+                insertStmt.run(values);
+              }
             }
           }
+
+          oldDb.close();
+
+          isNewDatabase = false;
         }
-
-        oldDb.close();
-
-        isNewDatabase = false;
-      } else {
       }
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    databaseLogger.error("Failed to initialize memory database", error, {
-      operation: "db_memory_init_failed",
-    });
+    } catch (error) {
+      databaseLogger.error("Failed to initialize memory database", error, {
+        operation: "db_memory_init_failed",
+      });
 
-    // If file encryption is critical, fail fast
-    if (process.env.DB_FILE_ENCRYPTION_REQUIRED === "true") {
-      throw error;
-    }
+      // If file encryption is critical, fail fast
+      if (process.env.DB_FILE_ENCRYPTION_REQUIRED === "true") {
+        throw error;
+      }
 
+      memoryDatabase = new Database(":memory:");
+      isNewDatabase = true;
+    }
+  } else {
     memoryDatabase = new Database(":memory:");
     isNewDatabase = true;
   }
-} else {
-  memoryDatabase = new Database(":memory:");
-  isNewDatabase = true;
 }
 
-databaseLogger.info(`Initializing SQLite database`, {
-  operation: "db_init",
-  path: actualDbPath,
-  encrypted:
-    enableFileEncryption &&
-    DatabaseFileEncryption.isEncryptedDatabaseFile(encryptedDbPath),
-  inMemory: true,
-  isNewDatabase,
-});
+// Main async initialization function that combines database setup with schema creation
+async function initializeCompleteDatabase(): Promise<void> {
+  // First initialize the database and SystemCrypto
+  await initializeDatabaseAsync();
 
-const sqlite = memoryDatabase;
+  databaseLogger.info(`Initializing SQLite database`, {
+    operation: "db_init",
+    path: actualDbPath,
+    encrypted:
+      enableFileEncryption &&
+      DatabaseFileEncryption.isEncryptedDatabaseFile(encryptedDbPath),
+    inMemory: true,
+    isNewDatabase,
+  });
 
-sqlite.exec(`
+  // Create module-level sqlite instance after database is initialized
+  sqlite = memoryDatabase;
+
+  sqlite.exec(`
     CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
         username TEXT NOT NULL,
@@ -244,6 +256,33 @@ sqlite.exec(`
     );
 `);
 
+  // Run schema migrations
+  migrateSchema();
+
+  // Initialize default settings
+  try {
+    const row = sqlite
+      .prepare("SELECT value FROM settings WHERE key = 'allow_registration'")
+      .get();
+    if (!row) {
+      databaseLogger.info("Initializing default settings", {
+        operation: "db_init",
+        setting: "allow_registration",
+      });
+      sqlite
+        .prepare(
+          "INSERT INTO settings (key, value) VALUES ('allow_registration', 'true')",
+        )
+        .run();
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    databaseLogger.warn("Could not initialize default settings", {
+      operation: "db_init",
+      error: e,
+    });
+  }
+}
+
 const addColumnIfNotExists = (
   table: string,
   column: string,
@@ -366,33 +405,6 @@ const migrateSchema = () => {
   });
 };
 
-const initializeDatabase = async (): Promise<void> => {
-  migrateSchema();
-
-  try {
-    const row = sqlite
-      .prepare("SELECT value FROM settings WHERE key = 'allow_registration'")
-      .get();
-    if (!row) {
-      databaseLogger.info("Initializing default settings", {
-        operation: "db_init",
-        setting: "allow_registration",
-      });
-      sqlite
-        .prepare(
-          "INSERT INTO settings (key, value) VALUES ('allow_registration', 'true')",
-        )
-        .run();
-    } else {
-    }
-  } catch (e) {
-    databaseLogger.warn("Could not initialize default settings", {
-      operation: "db_init",
-      error: e,
-    });
-  }
-};
-
 // Function to save in-memory database to encrypted file
 async function saveMemoryDatabaseToFile() {
   if (!memoryDatabase || !enableFileEncryption) return;
@@ -401,8 +413,8 @@ async function saveMemoryDatabaseToFile() {
     // Export in-memory database to buffer
     const buffer = memoryDatabase.serialize();
 
-    // Encrypt and save to file
-    DatabaseFileEncryption.encryptDatabaseFromBuffer(buffer, encryptedDbPath);
+    // Encrypt and save to file (now async)
+    await DatabaseFileEncryption.encryptDatabaseFromBuffer(buffer, encryptedDbPath);
 
     databaseLogger.debug("In-memory database saved to encrypted file", {
       operation: "memory_db_save",
@@ -498,7 +510,7 @@ async function handlePostInitFileEncryption() {
   }
 }
 
-initializeDatabase()
+initializeCompleteDatabase()
   .then(() => handlePostInitFileEncryption())
   .catch((error) => {
     databaseLogger.error("Failed to initialize database", error, {

src/backend/utils/database-file-encryption.ts

@@ -2,54 +2,44 @@ import crypto from "crypto";
 import fs from "fs";
 import path from "path";
 import { databaseLogger } from "./logger.js";
+import { SystemCrypto } from "./system-crypto.js";
 
 interface EncryptedFileMetadata {
   iv: string;
   tag: string;
   version: string;
   fingerprint: string;
-  salt: string;
   algorithm: string;
+  keySource?: string; // Track where the key comes from (SystemCrypto) - v2 only
+  salt?: string; // Legacy v1 format only
 }
 
 /**
  * Database file encryption - encrypts the entire SQLite database file at rest
- * This provides an additional security layer on top of field-level encryption
+ * Uses SystemCrypto for key management - no more fixed seed garbage!
+ *
+ * Linus principles applied:
+ * - Remove hardcoded keys security disaster
+ * - Use SystemCrypto instance keys for proper per-instance security
+ * - Simple and direct, no complex key derivation
  */
 class DatabaseFileEncryption {
-  private static readonly VERSION = "v1";
+  private static readonly VERSION = "v2";
   private static readonly ALGORITHM = "aes-256-gcm";
-  private static readonly KEY_ITERATIONS = 100000;
   private static readonly ENCRYPTED_FILE_SUFFIX = ".encrypted";
   private static readonly METADATA_FILE_SUFFIX = ".meta";
-
-  /**
-   * Generate file encryption key from fixed seed (no hardware dependency)
-   */
-  private static generateFileEncryptionKey(salt: Buffer): Buffer {
-    // Use fixed seed for file encryption - simpler and more reliable than hardware fingerprint
-    const fixedSeed = process.env.DB_FILE_KEY || "termix-database-file-encryption-seed-v1";
-
-    const key = crypto.pbkdf2Sync(
-      fixedSeed,
-      salt,
-      this.KEY_ITERATIONS,
-      32, // 256 bits for AES-256
-      "sha256",
-    );
-
-    return key;
-  }
+  private static systemCrypto = SystemCrypto.getInstance();
 
   /**
    * Encrypt database from buffer (for in-memory databases)
    */
-  static encryptDatabaseFromBuffer(buffer: Buffer, targetPath: string): string {
+  static async encryptDatabaseFromBuffer(buffer: Buffer, targetPath: string): Promise<string> {
     try {
+      // Get database key from SystemCrypto (no more fixed seed garbage!)
+      const key = await this.systemCrypto.getDatabaseKey();
+
       // Generate encryption components
-      const salt = crypto.randomBytes(32);
       const iv = crypto.randomBytes(16);
-      const key = this.generateFileEncryptionKey(salt);
 
       // Encrypt the buffer
       const cipher = crypto.createCipheriv(this.ALGORITHM, key, iv) as any;
@@ -61,9 +51,9 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
         iv: iv.toString("hex"),
         tag: tag.toString("hex"),
         version: this.VERSION,
-        fingerprint: "termix-v1-file", // Fixed identifier instead of hardware fingerprint
-        salt: salt.toString("hex"),
+        fingerprint: "termix-v2-systemcrypto", // SystemCrypto managed key
         algorithm: this.ALGORITHM,
+        keySource: "SystemCrypto",
       };
 
       // Write encrypted file and metadata
@@ -86,7 +76,7 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
   /**
    * Encrypt database file
    */
-  static encryptDatabaseFile(sourcePath: string, targetPath?: string): string {
+  static async encryptDatabaseFile(sourcePath: string, targetPath?: string): Promise<string> {
     if (!fs.existsSync(sourcePath)) {
       throw new Error(`Source database file does not exist: ${sourcePath}`);
     }
@@ -99,10 +89,11 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
       // Read source file
       const sourceData = fs.readFileSync(sourcePath);
 
+      // Get database key from SystemCrypto (no more fixed seed garbage!)
+      const key = await this.systemCrypto.getDatabaseKey();
+
       // Generate encryption components
-      const salt = crypto.randomBytes(32);
       const iv = crypto.randomBytes(16);
-      const key = this.generateFileEncryptionKey(salt);
 
       // Encrypt the file
       const cipher = crypto.createCipheriv(this.ALGORITHM, key, iv) as any;
@@ -117,9 +108,9 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
         iv: iv.toString("hex"),
         tag: tag.toString("hex"),
         version: this.VERSION,
-        fingerprint: "termix-v1-file", // Fixed identifier instead of hardware fingerprint
-        salt: salt.toString("hex"),
+        fingerprint: "termix-v2-systemcrypto", // SystemCrypto managed key
         algorithm: this.ALGORITHM,
+        keySource: "SystemCrypto",
       };
 
       // Write encrypted file and metadata
@@ -151,7 +142,7 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
   /**
    * Decrypt database file to buffer (for in-memory usage)
    */
-  static decryptDatabaseToBuffer(encryptedPath: string): Buffer {
+  static async decryptDatabaseToBuffer(encryptedPath: string): Promise<Buffer> {
     if (!fs.existsSync(encryptedPath)) {
       throw new Error(
         `Encrypted database file does not exist: ${encryptedPath}`,
@@ -168,19 +159,29 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
       const metadataContent = fs.readFileSync(metadataPath, "utf8");
       const metadata: EncryptedFileMetadata = JSON.parse(metadataContent);
 
-      // Validate metadata version
-      if (metadata.version !== this.VERSION) {
-        throw new Error(`Unsupported encryption version: ${metadata.version}`);
-      }
-
-      // Hardware fingerprint validation removed - no longer required
-
       // Read encrypted data
       const encryptedData = fs.readFileSync(encryptedPath);
 
-      // Generate decryption key
-      const salt = Buffer.from(metadata.salt, "hex");
-      const key = this.generateFileEncryptionKey(salt);
+      // Get decryption key based on version
+      let key: Buffer;
+      if (metadata.version === "v2") {
+        // New v2 format: use SystemCrypto key
+        key = await this.systemCrypto.getDatabaseKey();
+      } else if (metadata.version === "v1") {
+        // Legacy v1 format: use deprecated salt-based key derivation
+        databaseLogger.warn("Decrypting legacy v1 encrypted database - consider upgrading", {
+          operation: "decrypt_legacy_v1",
+          path: encryptedPath
+        });
+        if (!metadata.salt) {
+          throw new Error("v1 encrypted file missing required salt field");
+        }
+        const salt = Buffer.from(metadata.salt, "hex");
+        const fixedSeed = process.env.DB_FILE_KEY || "termix-database-file-encryption-seed-v1";
+        key = crypto.pbkdf2Sync(fixedSeed, salt, 100000, 32, "sha256");
+      } else {
+        throw new Error(`Unsupported encryption version: ${metadata.version}`);
+      }
 
       // Decrypt to buffer
       const decipher = crypto.createDecipheriv(
@@ -210,10 +211,10 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
   /**
    * Decrypt database file
    */
-  static decryptDatabaseFile(
+  static async decryptDatabaseFile(
     encryptedPath: string,
     targetPath?: string,
-  ): string {
+  ): Promise<string> {
     if (!fs.existsSync(encryptedPath)) {
       throw new Error(
         `Encrypted database file does not exist: ${encryptedPath}`,
@@ -233,19 +234,29 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
       const metadataContent = fs.readFileSync(metadataPath, "utf8");
       const metadata: EncryptedFileMetadata = JSON.parse(metadataContent);
 
-      // Validate metadata version
-      if (metadata.version !== this.VERSION) {
-        throw new Error(`Unsupported encryption version: ${metadata.version}`);
-      }
-
-      // Hardware fingerprint validation removed - no longer required
-
       // Read encrypted data
       const encryptedData = fs.readFileSync(encryptedPath);
 
-      // Generate decryption key
-      const salt = Buffer.from(metadata.salt, "hex");
-      const key = this.generateFileEncryptionKey(salt);
+      // Get decryption key based on version
+      let key: Buffer;
+      if (metadata.version === "v2") {
+        // New v2 format: use SystemCrypto key
+        key = await this.systemCrypto.getDatabaseKey();
+      } else if (metadata.version === "v1") {
+        // Legacy v1 format: use deprecated salt-based key derivation
+        databaseLogger.warn("Decrypting legacy v1 encrypted database - consider upgrading", {
+          operation: "decrypt_legacy_v1",
+          path: encryptedPath
+        });
+        if (!metadata.salt) {
+          throw new Error("v1 encrypted file missing required salt field");
+        }
+        const salt = Buffer.from(metadata.salt, "hex");
+        const fixedSeed = process.env.DB_FILE_KEY || "termix-database-file-encryption-seed-v1";
+        key = crypto.pbkdf2Sync(fixedSeed, salt, 100000, 32, "sha256");
+      } else {
+        throw new Error(`Unsupported encryption version: ${metadata.version}`);
+      }
 
       // Decrypt the file
       const decipher = crypto.createDecipheriv(
@@ -344,10 +355,10 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
   /**
    * Securely backup database by creating encrypted copy
    */
-  static createEncryptedBackup(
+  static async createEncryptedBackup(
     databasePath: string,
     backupDir: string,
-  ): string {
+  ): Promise<string> {
     if (!fs.existsSync(databasePath)) {
       throw new Error(`Database file does not exist: ${databasePath}`);
     }
@@ -363,7 +374,7 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
     const backupPath = path.join(backupDir, backupFileName);
 
     try {
-      const encryptedPath = this.encryptDatabaseFile(databasePath, backupPath);
+      const encryptedPath = await this.encryptDatabaseFile(databasePath, backupPath);
 
       databaseLogger.info("Encrypted database backup created", {
         operation: "database_backup",
@@ -386,16 +397,16 @@ class DatabaseFileEncryption {
   /**
    * Restore database from encrypted backup
    */
-  static restoreFromEncryptedBackup(
+  static async restoreFromEncryptedBackup(
     backupPath: string,
     targetPath: string,
-  ): string {
+  ): Promise<string> {
     if (!this.isEncryptedDatabaseFile(backupPath)) {
       throw new Error("Invalid encrypted backup file");
     }
 
     try {
-      const restoredPath = this.decryptDatabaseFile(backupPath, targetPath);
+      const restoredPath = await this.decryptDatabaseFile(backupPath, targetPath);
 
       databaseLogger.info("Database restored from encrypted backup", {
         operation: "database_restore",

src/backend/utils/system-crypto.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { eq } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { databaseLogger } from "./logger.js";
 
 /**
- * SystemCrypto - Open source friendly JWT key management
+ * SystemCrypto - Open source friendly system key management
  *
  * Linus principles:
  * - Remove complex "system master key" layer - doesn't solve real threats
@@ -18,10 +18,13 @@ import { databaseLogger } from "./logger.js";
 class SystemCrypto {
   private static instance: SystemCrypto;
   private jwtSecret: string | null = null;
+  private databaseKey: Buffer | null = null;
 
   // Storage path configuration
   private static readonly JWT_SECRET_FILE = path.join(process.cwd(), '.termix', 'jwt.key');
   private static readonly JWT_SECRET_DB_KEY = 'system_jwt_secret';
+  private static readonly DATABASE_KEY_FILE = path.join(process.cwd(), '.termix', 'db.key');
+  private static readonly DATABASE_KEY_DB_KEY = 'system_database_key';
 
   private constructor() {}
 
@@ -95,6 +98,58 @@ class SystemCrypto {
     return this.jwtSecret!;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Initialize database encryption key - same pattern as JWT but for database file encryption
+   */
+  async initializeDatabaseKey(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      databaseLogger.info("Initializing database encryption key", {
+        operation: "db_key_init",
+      });
+
+      // 1. Environment variable priority (production best practice)
+      const envKey = process.env.DATABASE_KEY;
+      if (envKey && envKey.length >= 64) {
+        this.databaseKey = Buffer.from(envKey, 'hex');
+        databaseLogger.info("✅ Using database key from environment variable", {
+          operation: "db_key_env_loaded",
+          source: "environment"
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // 2. Check filesystem storage
+      const fileKey = await this.loadDatabaseKeyFromFile();
+      if (fileKey) {
+        this.databaseKey = fileKey;
+        databaseLogger.info("✅ Loaded database key from file", {
+          operation: "db_key_file_loaded",
+          source: "file"
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // 3. Generate new key and persist (NO database storage to avoid circular dependency)
+      await this.generateAndStoreDatabaseKey();
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      databaseLogger.error("Failed to initialize database key", error, {
+        operation: "db_key_init_failed",
+      });
+      throw new Error("Database key initialization failed");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get database encryption key
+   */
+  async getDatabaseKey(): Promise<Buffer> {
+    if (!this.databaseKey) {
+      await this.initializeDatabaseKey();
+    }
+    return this.databaseKey!;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Generate new key and persist storage
    */
@@ -168,7 +223,77 @@ class SystemCrypto {
     return null;
   }
 
-  // ===== Database storage methods =====
+  // ===== Database key generation and storage methods =====
+
+  /**
+   * Generate new database key and persist to file storage only
+   * (avoid circular dependency with database)
+   */
+  private async generateAndStoreDatabaseKey(): Promise<void> {
+    const newKey = crypto.randomBytes(32); // 256-bit key for AES-256
+    const instanceId = crypto.randomBytes(8).toString('hex');
+
+    databaseLogger.info("🔑 Generating new database encryption key for this Termix instance", {
+      operation: "db_key_generate",
+      instanceId
+    });
+
+    // Only try file storage (no database storage to avoid circular dependency)
+    try {
+      await this.saveDatabaseKeyToFile(newKey);
+      databaseLogger.info("✅ Database key saved to file", {
+        operation: "db_key_file_saved",
+        path: SystemCrypto.DATABASE_KEY_FILE
+      });
+    } catch (fileError) {
+      databaseLogger.error("❌ Failed to save database key to file", {
+        operation: "db_key_file_save_failed",
+        error: fileError instanceof Error ? fileError.message : "Unknown error",
+        note: "Database encryption cannot work without persistent key storage"
+      });
+      throw new Error("Database key file storage is required for database encryption");
+    }
+
+    this.databaseKey = newKey;
+
+    databaseLogger.success("🔐 This Termix instance now has a unique database encryption key", {
+      operation: "db_key_generated_success",
+      instanceId,
+      note: "Database file is now encrypted at rest"
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Save database key to file (binary format)
+   */
+  private async saveDatabaseKeyToFile(key: Buffer): Promise<void> {
+    const dir = path.dirname(SystemCrypto.DATABASE_KEY_FILE);
+    await fs.mkdir(dir, { recursive: true });
+    await fs.writeFile(SystemCrypto.DATABASE_KEY_FILE, key.toString('hex'), {
+      mode: 0o600 // Only owner can read/write
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Load database key from file
+   */
+  private async loadDatabaseKeyFromFile(): Promise<Buffer | null> {
+    try {
+      const keyHex = await fs.readFile(SystemCrypto.DATABASE_KEY_FILE, 'utf8');
+      if (keyHex.trim().length >= 64) { // 32 bytes = 64 hex chars
+        return Buffer.from(keyHex.trim(), 'hex');
+      }
+      databaseLogger.warn("Database key file exists but too short", {
+        operation: "db_key_file_invalid",
+        length: keyHex.length
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      // File doesn't exist or can't be read, this is normal
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // ===== JWT Database storage methods =====
 
   /**
    * Save key to database (plaintext storage, don't pretend encryption helps)